Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research

Janardan Singh ¹, D. R. Chaudhary ², Suresh Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176062, HP, IN
2 Directorate of Extension Education, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176062, HP, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2013 at Highland Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Kukumseri to study the effect of post-emergence herbicides viz. imazethapyr 50 and 80 g/ha, pendimethalin + imazethapyr 900 and 1200 g/ha, imazethapyr + imazamox 50 and 75 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ ha in relation to pre-emergence pendimethalin 1200 g/ha and hand weeding twice on weeds and yield and economics of garden pea. Digitaria sanguinalis L. was the predominant grass weed while Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium botrys L., Gallinsoga parviflora L. and Malva parviflora L. were the major broad-leaf weeds. Pendimethalin at 1200 g/ha significantly reduced weed density and dry weight. This was followed by hand weeding twice (30 and 60 DAS). Pendimethalin resulted in maximum weed control efficiency (65.81%) and herbicide efficiency index (74.13%) and was followed by clodinafop 60 g/ha. Pod weight was not significantly affected. The highest pods/plant, green pods yield (2833 kg/ha), crop productivity (41.06 kg/ha/day), net returns (` 76294/ha), crop profitability (` 1105.71/ha/day) and B:C ratio (3.06) were recorded under pendimethalin 1200 g/ha. Clodinafop 60 g/ha and hand weeding twice had equal pods/plant and green pod yield. Among post-emergence herbicides, clodinafop 60 g/ha, imazethepyr 50 g/ha and imazethapyr + imazamox 50 g/ha were the economical treatments.

Keywords

Garden Pea, Weeds, Imazethapyr, Imazamox, Clodinafop, Pendimethalin, Profitability, Productivity.

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Anil Kumar Mawalia ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment consisting of twelve treatments [viz. pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre-emergence, pre), pendimethalin 1000/ imazethapyr 100 g/ha (pre) followed by (fb) imazethapyr 100 g/ha post-emergence (post), imazethapyr + pendimethalin (Vellore) 1200 and 1500 g/ha (pre), imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha (pre) fb imazethapyr 100 g/ha (post), imazethapyr + imazamox (Odissy) 60 and 90 g/ha (post), pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (post), pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb hand weeding (45 DAS), weed free and weedy check] was carried out during the winter season of 2012- 13 and 2013-14 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur to study the impact of post-emergence (post) weed control in pea. Weed free, pendimethalin fb hand weeding, pendimethalin fb imazethapyr + imazamox, imazethapyr + pendimethalin fb imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha gave more than 85% weed control efficiency upto 60 DAS. Weed free, pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) and pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS) gave significantly higher green pod yield. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha fb imazethapyr 100 g/ha (45 DAS) had minimum weed persistence index (WPI). Crop resistance index (CRI) was highest under pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) followed by pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS). Application of pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) followed by pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS) resulted in higher net returns. Marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) was highest under imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (25.28).

Keywords

Garden Pea, Imazethapyr, Imazamox, Pendimethalin, Impact Assessment.

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Suresha ¹, Ashish Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, S. C. Negi ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, COA, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The present study was carried out in a continuing experiment at the Bhadiarkhar farm of the Department of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The soil was silty clay loam in texture, high in OC (0.99%), medium in available N (305.1 kg/ha) and high in available P (78.5 kg/ha) and K (117.4 kg/ha). There were eight cropping systems [C₁-Maize-Wheat, C₂-Maize (Green cob)+Frenchbean (Pol)-Pea-Summer squash; C₃-Maize + Soybean-Garlic; C₄-Maize (Green cob)-Broccoli-Potato; C₅-Maize+Asparagus bean-Radish-Onion; C₆-Maize (Green cob)+Urd bean-Cauliflower-Frenchbean; C₇-Maize (Green cob)+Ricebean-Cauliflower-Buckwheat and C₈-Maize (Green cob)+Asparagus bean -Broccoli-Radish] being tested in RBD with four replications. In each experimental plot three weed management situations (S₁-normal weed control, S₂-no weed control/weedy check and S₃-supplement weed control) were maintained and observations on crops and weeds were recorded. There were 28 weed species which invaded different maize based cropping systems. During kharif, S₂ situation encompasses 6-7 weeds during 2013, S₁ 6-7 during 2012 and 8-9 during 2013, whereas in the S₃ only 3-4 species were present during both years. Commelina benghalensis (56% and 41% during 2012 and 2013, respectively) and Ageratum (21% and 33%) were the predominant weeds. In rabi, Coronopus didymus, Phalaris minor and Spergula arvensis (54, 22 and 14%, respectively during 2012-13 and 31, 7 and 28% during 2013-14) were the main weeds. Irrespective of the situation, under the new cropping systems 5-10 weed species were similar whereas, 0-5 species were new as compared to the prevalent maize-wheat cropping system during the rabi season. Maize+asparagus bean -adish-onion gave 245 and 503.9% higher maize grain equivalent yield over maize-wheat during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. N depletion by weeds ranged from 608 to 695 and 309.1 to 461.2, P from 121.6 to 177.1 and 71.1 to 99.6 and K from 202.7 to 432.5 and 118.4 to 166.0 kg/ha/annum, during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. Weeds inflicted huge yield losses ranging from 15.7% in C₆ to 35.6% in C₁.

Keywords

Maize Based Cropping Systems, Weeds, Shannon Weir Index, Nutrient Losses, Yield Losses.

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Sandeep Kumar Tehria ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Ramesh ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Pea has higher requirement of P for symbiotic N fixation. However, weeds are the major threat in harnessing the full potential of native and applied P. Management of weeds through integrated means (INM) is imperative to enhance P use efficiency. Three P₂O₅ levels viz. 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha each with six weed management practices viz. weedy check, pendimethalin followed by (tb) hand weeding (HW), stale seedbed (SSB), SSB + pendimethalin tb HW, raised stale seedbed (RSSB), and RSSB + pendimethalin tb HW were evaluated during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur. Phalaris minor was the most important weed constituting 60.9 and 64.4% of the total weed flora during 2006-7 and 2007-8, respectively. SSB and RSSB were equal to pendimethalin tb HW in reducing its count upto 120 DAS. Superimposition of pendimethalin tb HW further improved the effectiveness of SSB and RSSB in reducing the count of P. minor. Pendimethalin tb HW with or without SSB/RSSB significantly reduced the count of Vicia sp. and Polygonum sp. over other treatments. In the raised beds, the peas were early in emergence. In the weedy check peas were earlier in maturity. SSB and RSSB were as good as pendimethalin tb HW in influencing pea pod and straw yield. Yields were further increased under SSB/RSSB + pendimethalin tb HW. SSB, RSSB, pendimethalin tb HW, SSB + pendimethalin tb HW and pendimethalin tb HW increased green pea yield by 125, 63, 82, 154 and 173%, respectively over weedy check. All the weed control treatments except RSSB gave higher gross and net returns and B:C ratio. There was significant increase in plant height, plant dry weight, yield attributes, green pod and straw yield of pea and gross and net return, days to emergence, flowering, and maturity with increase in the level of P₂O₅. Under weedy check as well in SSB and RSSB, P₂O₅ application resulted in higher weed dry weight over no P₂O₅ application. But under SSB/RSSB tb pendimethalin tb HW, weed dry weight was more or less similar due to P₂O₅ levels. Crop fertilized with 60 kg P₂O₅/ha under RSSB tb pendimethalin tb HW resulted in highest green pod yield.

Keywords

Peas, Phosphorus, Stale Seedbed, Raised Bed, Pendimethalin, Handweeding.

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Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Navell Chander ¹, N. N. Angiras ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Two formulations of isoproturon viz. arelon and isoking (1.0 and 1.25 kg a.i./ha) each with 2,4D (0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha) as tankmix and sequence application along with farmers' practice and untreated check were evaluated for weed control in wheat during 200607 and 200708 at Palampur. Phalaris minor (42.6%), Avena ludoviciana(25.1%), Lolium temulentum (11.1%), Vicia sativa, (7.6%), Anagallis arvensis (9.6%), and Coronopus didymus (4.0%) were the major weed species and reduced wheat grain yield by 38.7%. Tankmix application of isoking + 2,4D effectively controlled P. minor, A. ludoviciana and L. temulentum and were on par with farmer's practice. Arelon 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha resulted in lowest count of Vicia sativa, while isoking 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha resulted in lowest count of Anagallis arvensis. All herbicidal treatments were significantly superior to farmers' practice in controlling C. didymus. Isoking 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha recorded highest weed control efficiency (71.5), treatment efficiency index (1.93), crop resistance index (5.0) and resulted in highest grain yield, net returns (Rs. 14373/ha) and marginal benefit:cost ratio (13.2). Isoking 1.25 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 0.75 kg/ha had highest weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index.

Keywords

Arelon, Isoking, Isoproturon, Phalaris minor, Avena, Wheat.

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Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, N. N. Angiras ¹, Pankaj Chopra ¹, Navell Chander ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

2, 4D 0.5 kg/ha, metsulfuronmethyl 3 g/ha and carfentrazone 10 g/ha each immediately after and 2, 4 and 6 days after clodinafop 60 g/ha were compared to clodinafop alone and untreated check for control of weeds in wheat. Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Poa annua, Vicia sativa, Anagallis arvensis, Ranunculus arvensis and Coronopus didymus were the important weeds associated with wheat crop. All herbicidal treatments were significantly superior to untreated check in reducing P. minor, Poa annua and A. ludoviciana. Except 2, 4D and carfentrazone immediately after clodinafop, all herbicides completely killed Phalaris minor. 2,4D four days after and metsulfuron immediately after clodinafop gave significantly lower count of V. sativa during 200506 and 200607, respectively. All treatments except clodinafop alone were superior to weedy check in suppressing A. arvensis and R. arvensis. All treatments controlled C. didymus effectively. Application of 2, 4D four days after clodinafop gave maximum yield. However, all other treatments except 2, 4D two days after metsulfuron six days after and carfentrazone four days after clodinafop during 2005 were at par with 2,4D four days after clodinafop. Weeds reduced wheat grain yield by 38.8%.

Keywords

2, 4-D, Clodinafop, Metsulfuron, Carfentrazone, Sequential Application, Phalaris.

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Gurpreet Singh ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, IN

Abstract

A long-term experiment on rice-wheat cropping system has been in operation at Department of Agronomy of CSKHPKV, Palampur from 2000 till 2018. The soil of the test site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction and low in available N, P and K. The nine treatments so tested included farmers' practice, continuous use of herbicides (butachlor + 2,4-D) with 100% N through inorganics or 25%N substitution through fresh Lantana leaves in rice followed by continuous use of isoproturon + 2,4-D or alternate use of isoproturon and clodinafop along with 2,4-D in wheat, alternate use of butachlor with pretilachlor with 100% N through inorganics or 25% N substitution through fresh Lantana leaves in rice followed by continuous use of isoproturon + 2,4-D or alternate use of isoproturon and clodinafop along with 2,4-D in wheat. Lower weed diversity was recorded in both the crops where herbicide application was done during both the year of study. Herbicide application greatly influenced the population of the weeds as compared to Farmer's practice. The value of Shannon winer and Simpson index was lower in chemical treated plots as compared to Farmer's practice.

Keywords

Weed Diversity, Rice Wheat Cropping System, Diversity Index.

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Rahul Sharma ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2018-19 at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. Pre-plant incorporation of ethalfluralin 720 g/ha gave effective control of weeds and gave potato tuber yield similar to ethalfluralin 810 g/ha, oxyfluorfen 200 g/ha, metribuzin 525 g/ha and hand weeding (weed free). Ethalfluralin at 540-1440 g /ha was safe for the succeeding maize crop.

Keywords

Ethalfluralin, Potato, Oxyfluorfen, Metribuzin and Pre-Plant Incorporation.

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Pooja ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2019 at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to study the bio efficacy of new herbicide for managing weeds in undulating pasture land pockets. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with three replications, and consisted of seven weed control treatments including GOD H007 at 860, 882 and 903 g/ha, pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha, glyphosate 820 g/ha, hand weeding and a weedy check. Application of this new herbicide combination product GOD H007 903 g/ha though remaining statistically alike with glyphosate 820 g/ha, resulted in significantly lowest total weed density and total weed dry matter at all the stages of observation except that at 30 days after spray (DAS) at which hand weeding proved to be a superior treatment. These three treatments interventions also recorded higher weed control efficiency. However, significantly highest fresh and dry herbage yield at 60 DAS was recorded with the application of pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha. Application of this new herbicide GOD H007 903 g/ha showed promise to be effective for managing weeds in pasture land.

Keywords

GOD H007, Weed Control, Pasture Land.

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Nikhil Dogra ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹, Suresh Kumar ², N. K. Sankhyan ¹, Anil Kumar ², Sukhchain Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN
2 Department of Soil Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P.) during kharif 2019 to study the growth and performance of rice hybrids under varying fertility levels. The treatments consisted of four rice varieties (three hybrids viz., Arize 6129, Arize Swift, AZ 6508 and inbred HPR 2143) which were tested under five fertility levels viz., 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF (90:40:40), 150% RDF, 150% RDF + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha-1 and natural farming treatment. The trial was laid out in split plot design with fertility levels in main plot and rice varieties in sub plot and was replicated thrice. Plant height and dry matter accumulation were significantly influenced by fertility levels with highest values recorded with the application of highest dose of fertilizers along with zinc while significantly lower values recorded in natural farming treatment. Significantly higher values of crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at both the stages (between 30-60 days and 60–90 days after transplanting, DAT) were recorded with the application of 150% RDF + ZnSO 4though this treatment was at par with the application of 150% RDF alone. Significantly lowest values of both these parameters at both the stages were recorded with the natural farming treatment. Varieties also differed significantly with HPR 2143 producing significantly taller plants while Arize Swift producing shorter plants. Hybrids accumulated more dry matter as compared to inbred HPR 2143 with AZ 6508 recording significantly higher value of this parameter. Among the varieties tested AZ 6508 recorded significantly higher values of CGR, RGR and NAR at both the stages of observation indicating higher potential of this hybrid.

Keywords

Growth, CGR, RGR, NAR, Fertility Levels, Hybrids.

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Pooja ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹, Tamanna Bhalla ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2019 at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to study the efficacy of new herbicide combination product GOD H007 (containing glyphosate 40% and pyrithiobac sodium 3%) for managing weeds in grasslands. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with three replications, and consisted of seven weed control treatments viz., GOD H007 at 860, 882 and 903 g/ha, pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha, glyphosate 820 g/ha, hand weeding and a weedy check. Application of this new herbicide combination product GOD H007 903 g/ha though remaining statistically alike with glyphosate 820 g/ha, resulted in significantly lowest total weed density and total weed dry matter at all the stages of observation except that at 30 days after spray (DAS) at which hand weeding proved to be a superior treatment. These three treatments also recorded higher weed control efficiency. However, significantly highest fresh and dry herbage yield at 60 DAS was recorded with the application of pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha. Application of this new herbicide GOD H007 903 g/ha showed promise to be effective for managing weeds in grassland.

Keywords

GOD H007,, Weed Control, Grass Land, Glyphosate, Pyrithiobac Sodium.

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Belal Ahmad Mujahed ¹, Shalley ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Sanjay K. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under the aegis of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna at Palampur. Three cropping systems viz. maize- wheat, maize + cowpea- wheat + gram and okra + pole beancabbage + garden pea were evaluated under four production practices viz. integrated nutrient management (INM), organic management (OA), natural farming (NF), and conservation agriculture (CA) for crop productivity, profitability and energetics. Among production systems, INM or CA were more promising in terms of wheat grain equivalent yield (WGEY), net returns, energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy profitability followed by OA and NF treatment in that order. INM and CA production practices increased WGEY by 2.54 and 1.86 times, net return by 6.14 and 5.31 times, energy output by 1.63 and 1.59, energy efficiency by 2.10 and 1.20, net energy by 1.80 and 1.62, energy productivity by 4.0 and 2.0 and energy profitability by 6.8 and 5.70 times, respectively over the NF production practice. Okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea gave significantly higher WGEY (13.7 Mg/ha/annum), energy productivity (0.4 kg WGEY/MJ) and energy profitability (INR 616/ha/day). But it had higher cost of cultivation and low yield in kharif thereby lower net returns, B:C, energy output, energy output: input and energy intensity both in terms of MJ/kg and MJ/rupee.

Keywords

Production Systems, Cropping Systems, Energetics, Economics, INM, Organic, Conservation Agriculture, Natural Farming.

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Suresh Kumar ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹, Parita ¹, Tamanna Bhalla ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the farmers’ field in Panchrukhi block of Kangra District (H.P.) during kharif 2019 to evaluate the bio-efficacy and phytotoxicity of glyphosate 41% SL in tea (Camellia sinensis). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of six doses of a new formulation of glyphosate 41 % SL (All Clear, Anu Products Ltd.) 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 8.0 litre / ha, glyphosate 41 % SL (Roundup, Monsanto), glyphosate 71 % SG 3.0 kg / ha and weedy and weed free checks. Major weeds that were found to infest the experimental tea orchard included Erigeron canadensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica, Paspalum conjugatum and Polygonum alatum. The results revealed that in tea crop weeds can be effectively controlled with the application of glyphosate 41% SL (All Clear) 3.0 litre/ha and 4.0 litre/ha. No phytotoxicity symptoms on tea were observed at any of dose of herbicide.

Keywords

Bio-Efficacy, Glyphosate, Tea, All Clear, Weeds.

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Parita . ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S.S. Rana ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur during kharif 2019 and 2020 to find out the effect of ethalfluralin 36 % EC on weeds, yield attributes and their correlation with yield of soybean. Nine weed control treatments viz. ethalfluralin 540 g/ha, 630 g/ha, 720 g/ha, 810 g/ha, 1440 g/ha, imazethapyr 100 g/ha, pendimethalin 1000 g/ha, weed free treatment and weedy check were tested in Randomized Block Design with four replications. Soybean variety ‘Harit soya’ was sown manually in furrows 45 cm apart using a seed rate of 100 kg/ha. Results revealed that ethalfluralin 810 g/ha proved statistically superior to all other treatments in reducing the weed population and weed dry weight at harvest during both the years. Plant height, branches per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield of soybean was significantly higher with the application of ethalfluralin 720 g/ha behaving statistically alike with 810 g/ha followed by imazethapyar 100 g/ha and pendimethalin 1000 g/ha during both the years of study. Correlation studies carried out between different parameters revealed that plant height, branches per plant, 1000 seed weight and straw yield were positively and significantly correlated with the seed yield of soybean.

Keywords

Herbicide, soybean, weed management, yield

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Garima Chauhan ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S.S. Rana ¹, S. Manuja ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

An experiment was conducted on farmer’s field, at village Tanda, Palampur to study the efficacy of glyphosate formulations i.e., glyphosate IPA salt 41% SL and glyphosate potassium salt 46% SL for managing weeds in tea through different weed management indices during 2020. Ten weed control treatments viz., glyphosate IPA salt 41% SL 2000, 4000 and 8000 ml/ha, glyphosate potassium salt 46% SL 1440, 2880 and 5760 ml/ha, paraquat dichloride 24% SL 2000 ml/ha, glyphosate 41% 4000 ml/ha, glufosinate ammonium 13.5% 3333 ml/ha and weedy check were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. Weed indices were calculated which revealed that all chemical treatments significantly reduced weed infestation when compared to weedy check. Glyphosate potassium salt 5760 ml/ha and glyphosate IPA salt 8000 ml/ha, behaving statistically alike with their lower doses i.e., 2880 and 4000 ml/ha, resulted in significantly higher bush height and girth of tea which may be due to effective control of weeds through these herbicides which ultimately helped in better growth of shoots.

Keywords

Glyphosate IPA salt, glyphosate potassium salt, weed control index, weed persistence index, herbicide efficiency index, weed management index

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Sarwan Kumar ¹, S.S. Rana ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Bharat Bhushan Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradsh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062,, IN

Abstract

Studies on weed flora changes were carried out in a long-term experiment in maize - peas cropping system under All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management (AICRP-WM) during October 2019 to September 2021 at Palampur. Ten weed control treatments viz. T -hoeing, T -stale seed bed + hoeing, T -raised 1 2 3 -1 stale seed bed + hoeing, T -mulch 5t ha , T -stale seed bed + mulch, T - raised stale seed bed + mulch, T - 4 5 6 7 intercropping (soybean in kharif and fenugreek in rabi), T -crop rotation (alternating soybean - mustard with 8 maize - peas), T -intensive cropping (additional crops of mustard in autumn and buckwheat in summer) and 9 T -chemical check (pendimethalin in rabi and atrazine in kharif) were evaluated for weed flora composition 10 and shifts in maize-peas cropping system. The weed flora were comprised of 14 species in rabi 2019-20 and 11 in -1’ -1 rabi 2020-21.’Raised stale seed bed + hoeing’and ‘mulch 5t ha in 2019 and ‘mulch 5t ha ’in 2020 were having highest number of weed species. In kharif 2019, the weed flora were comprised of 8 weed species and, in kharif -1’ 2021,14 species.‘Mulch 5t ha was having highest weed species in both seasons. There was considerable change in weed species compositions during the second year as compared to the first year. In rabi 2019-20, Vicia sativa (13%) and Tulipa asiatica (12%) and in rabi 2020-21, Tulipa asiatica (21%) and Spergula arvensis (15%) were the dominant weed species. In kharif 2020, Cyperus sp. (17%), Echinochloa colona, Polygonum alatum and Ageratum conyzoides 15% each, in kharif 2021 Cyperussp. (16%), Ageratum conyzoides(15%) and Commelina benghalensis (14%) were dominant. The Simpson’s index of diversity was highest under‘ mulch 5t ha  -1 + hand weeding’and lowest under ‘chemical check’in all the seasons.

Keywords

Weed distribution, organic, maize, pea .

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Tamanna Bhalla ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S.S. Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062,, IN

Abstract

An open pot experiment was conducted during Kharif 2020 and 2021 at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P. to evaluate herbicides for the control of Alternanthera philoxeroides. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications and consisted of ten herbicide treatments viz. glyphosate 1000 g/ha, paraquat 1000 g/ha, 2,4-D Na salt 1250 g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone 25 g/ha, glufosinate ammonium 500 g/ha, bispyribac Na 20 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha, diuron 500 g/ha and one weedy check (control). All the herbicide treatments resulted in significantly better control of Alternanthera compared to control (weedy check). Glyphosate 1000 g/ha remaining at par with metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha provided lowest shoot count at all stages of observation during both years. This was followed by application of 2,4 D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha and carfentrazone 25 g/ha which except for initial stage of observation gave results statistically similar to glyphosate 1000 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha from 25 to 55 days after 2 spray. The lowest weed dry matter (g/m ) and therefore highest weed control efficiency was recorded with application of glyphosate 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha and 2,4 D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha at 55 days after spray.

Keywords

Alligator weed, herbicides, pot studies.

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Shagun Shukla ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹, Shabnam Thakur ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062,, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2021 at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to study the effectiveness of a new post-emergence broad-spectrum herbicide GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG) to control mixed weed flora in direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa L). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and seven weed control treatments. The treatments consisted of three doses of GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG) viz. 375ml/ha, 500ml/ha and 625ml/ha, bispyribac sodium 250ml/ha, pyrithiobac sodium 625ml/ha, hand weeding (weed free) and untreated check respectively. The predominant weed flora present in the experimental field was Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis and Synedrella nodiflora. Application of new herbicide combination product GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG) 500ml/ha being statistically at par with GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG) 625ml/ha and bispyribac sodium 250ml/ha resulted in significantly lower total weed count, total weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency as compared to other weed control treatments. Significantly highest grain and straw yield were recorded with the application of GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG) 500ml/ha at harvest and this treatment was closely followed by GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG), 625 ml/ha.

Keywords

GOD H008 (Bispyribac sodium 5% SC+ Pyrithiobac sodium 12.5% SG), weed control, direct seeded rice.

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Shabnam Thakur ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹, Shagun Shukla ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh KrishiVishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062,, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2021 at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to study the bio-efficacy of flumioxazin against mixed weed flora in grassland. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiment consisted of nine weed control treatments viz., flumioxazin 150 g/ha, 200 g/ha, 250 g/ha, 300 g/ha, 500 g/ha, oxyfluorfen 1000 g/ha, weed free, glyphosate 4000 g/ha and untreated control. The major weeds in the experiment area were Ageratum conyzoides, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus sp., Digitaria sanguinalis and Plantago lanceolata. The results revealed that post-emergence application of flumioxazin 500 g/ha, which was statistically at par with flumioxazin 300 g/ha, flumioxazin 250 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha and glyphosate 4000 g/ha were quite effective in controlling weeds with higher weed control efficiency. Application of flumioxazin 300 g/ha resulted in significantly higher fresh and dry herbage yield of grasses which was at parwith flumioxazin 500 g/ha, 250 g/ha and 200 g/ha.

Keywords

Flumioxazin, weed control, grassland.

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